Compare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X

Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were two greatest leaders in the fighting of the Civil Rights Movement. Contrary to most American belief, King and Malcolm X were not perfect opposite to each other. However, they do have distinct method to achieve social and economic equality. Malcolm X and King were both civil rights leader during 60s. They had the same goal, which was to achieve social equality for African Americans and Black people. Malcolm X was born in a extremely poor family, which led Malcolm X end up in jail because he sold drug and armed robbed others. In the jail, Malcolm X encountered the teaching of Elijah Muhammad.From then on he was a changed man. Unfortunately, Malcolm was assassinated when he was thirty nine years old.†¦show more content†¦Integration would not easily solve the problem of racism. Some White parents from the school or society would influence their white kid to treat Black student poorly. Kids in the younger generation was vulnerable. When Ki ng was six, he was sad when a white family told him he could not play with their kids because of his skin color. Therefore, separation in education is better. Integration will create conflict and racism. If what King was striving for in the end was inequality and vicious lies for the younger generation, then Black should establish their own educational institute. To sum up, Black should have their own liberation schools and educational facilities instead of integration with White. For most people, Malcolm’s idea of independent economy for Black community is better than boycotting or picketing in order to get a job. According to The Last Years of Malcolm X, â€Å"...(W)e havent learned the importance of owning and operating businesses...so even when we try and spend our money in the neighborhood where we live, were spending it with someone who puts it in a basket and takes it out as soon as the sun goes down.† Clearly, he had sought for economic independence. When Black community had their economic independence, they will spend money in their own community to promote economy. Therefore, the black people in the community would be wealthier and wealthier. Also,Show MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Malcolm X1075 Words   |  5 PagesLeaders Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X were very huge leading figures during the Civil Rights movement. Though they had many differences, they had some similarities. Both men’s fathers were preachers and both men were religious preachers themselves. Dr. King and Malcolm X were around the same age and they were both assassinated. Coincidentally, both men had the same number of children and eventually they had the same ideologies for the Civil Rights Movement. However, Dr. King and Malcolm X wereRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Work of Martin Luther King Jr Malcolm X923 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were very significant during the Civil Rights Movement. Both were excellent speakers and shared one goal but had two different ways of resolving it. Martin Luther King Jr. chose to resolve the issues by using non-violence to create equality amongst all races to accomplish the goal. Malcolm X also wanted to decrease discrimination and get of segregation but by using another tactic to successfully accomplish the similar goal. The backgrounds of both men wereRead MoreComparing Martin Luther King And Malcolm X917 Words   |  4 PagesBrian Graichen - HST 325 - 06/17/2017 Q3: Compare and contrast Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were both civil rights leaders during the 1960s, but had different ideologies on how civil rights should be won. Both men were also deeply religious, but followed different religions and paths. The Great Depression never ended for African Americans; while others enjoyed an economic recovery, Black unemployment rose. Martin Luther King says that economic inequality in AmericaRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activities, and the effect his death had on the population. Martin Luther King Jr.’s belief was that people of all colors, including both blacks and whites, could live in eternal peace and equality. King believed that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all† (Dinar, par.12)Read More Differences Between Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essays1146 Words   |  5 Pageswhite run American society in which they lived. Malcolm X, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King, and Stokely Carmichael all blamed the whites for the racism which existed. However, they agreed that it was up to the black society to end this problem. Using the black society, each of the authors had their own idea of how racism could be stopped. Unfortunately, for some, such as Malcolm X, this involved the use of violence, while others, such as King, favored the non-violent approach. This paperRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1831 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive writing is most effective when all three rhetorical appeals, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos, come together to form an indisputable argument. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X are two of the most influential figures of the past few decades; similarly, their work is summarized as some of the most persuasive and controversial of all time. The audience of both of their pieces, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† include oppressed African Americans and the white oppressorsRead MoreThe Backgrounds Of Uplifting Speeches1844 Words   |  8 Pagescountry, nation, and world are often the ones who do. Civil rights activists Martin Luther King Jr., and human rights activist and an American Muslim, Malcolm X are two great examples of people who thought they could make a difference in the world, and eventually did. This two great activists wanted to change the status quo, but in different ways. Martin Luther King Jr. used peaceful protests to accomplish his goal; Malcolm X believed in meeting violence with violence. Both of this great leaders wantedRead MoreMartin Luther King : The Civil Rights Movement1900 Words   |  8 PagesFrom 1955 to 1968, Martin Luther King was a major leader of the Civil Rights Movement in America. Brought up in the midst of traditional Southern Black ministers, King’s childhood was surrounded with the strong racial prejudices of the South. As a middle class southerner, he built an armour of righteousness and equality around him and it was these strong values that influenced his decisions in life. We judge significance in various ways - how important a person is to us, how important they wereRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1096 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Huey P. Newton stood up and fought for justice, equality and freedom for our p eople in this country. Huey Percy Newton was born February 17, 1942 and died August 22, 1989. He was an African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born January 15, 1929 and died April 4, 1968. He was an African-American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-AmericanRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pages PAGE 24-28 VII. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29-34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENS POLITICAL VIEWS ON VIOLENCE AND PAGE 49-56 CHANGE IN SOCIETY (4) THE STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN

Compound sentence Free Essays

The setting is a very important part of any plot. It sets the scene, gives visualization, and develops the theme. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird, the settings of Scouts house, Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Compound sentence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dubos house and the schoolhouse are exceptionally important. It is in these places that Scout learns important life lessons. In the Finch’s house Scout learns about manners and to tolerate other people. Clearing, the housekeeper, spends lots of time teaching Scout proper manner and how to treat people. One of the biggest lessons learned is that looks deceive us and not to Judge someone till you walked in their shoes. She learns to tolerate people when Walter Cunningham comes over for lunch one day. Walter Cunningham is described as, â€Å"looked as if he had been raised on fish food†¦ Had no color in his face†¦ And fingered the straps of his overalls,† (Lee )which is an insult to his health. It describes his as skinny, pale, and not in good health. As they eat the poor molasses all over his meal, disgusting but also intriguing Scout at the same time. Not understanding she comments, â€Å"what the Sam hill he was doing†(Lee ). This immediately enrages Clearing and she scolds Scout. Callers reaction caused Scout to realize that she must be more aware of the ways of other people and that she needs to tolerate and accept them and accept them for who they are no matter how different or strange. However, Calendar Isn’t the only person In the Finch home that has taught her important lessons. Attic’s Finch has taught Scout some of the most Important lessons about society and why people are the way they are. How to cite Compound sentence, Papers

Japanese Internment Camps free essay sample

The Canadian government prides itself on upholding human rights, has its history truly reflected this image? Throughout the years 1939-1945, Canadian Interment Camps Affected Canadas history negatively. During this time period, Japanese Canadians were showed racism, put into internment camps, and had to deal with terrible living conditions. After the attack of the Japanese on Pearl Harbor, the Canadian government sent the Japanese Canadians to Internment Camps where they would no longer be seen as a threat. Firstly, the Japanese had to deal with great racism from Canadians. Being racist to the Japanese became relatively okay in Canada. It was not considered bad attitude to be racist while the Canadian government themselves were performing racist acts towards the Japanese. Canadians felt that their actions were justified because they may have felt threatened by the Japanese Canadians; Racist and xenophobic public sentiment felt that Japanese born Canadians showed too much sympathy for Japan. (Internment of The Japanese during world war II, web) Not only did the Japanese have to face a few comments here and there, this racism kept getting worse and worse. There rights were then taken away. They were not able to vote, and their forestry and fishing permits were denied. This shows that the Japanese were targeted just because of their race, although it was not their actions personally that made them receive these actions. Secondly, the government sent the Japanese Canadians to Internment Camps, taking their idea of Japanese citizens being threats to a whole new level; 22,000 Japanese Canadians (14,000 of whom were born in Canada) were interned in the 1940s for political Joining these camps, they could only bring along with them their most important possessions thinking they will still have their other things waiting at home for when they return. The Canadian government promised the Japanese Canadians that their property and finances would be returned upon release, however, these assets were sold off cheaply at auctions. (Japanese Canadian Internment, Web) They were being violated and robbed of their whole lives. This shows how unfair Canada was to them; our government wasnt upholding their rights as humans. Lastly, not only were they in these camps  away from their homes, they had to deal with the camps extremely terrible conditions. When they arrived at their camps, they were placed in stables and barnyards. As you may imagine how unsanitary it must have been, to live in a place designed for animals. There was absolutely no privacy and barely any food or water to go around. Children had to be raised up like animals. (â€Å"The internment Camps of Japanese conditions during World War II, Web) This shows our government were treating them as if they werent even humans. In conclusion, the facts stated above show that human rights were affected negatively in 1939-1945. Women’s Rights Although the Canadian government prides itself on upholding human rights, has its history truly reflected this image? Throughout the years 1939-1945, Womens rights were changed affirmatively. During these years, women became pilots, more women started to work than ever before, and Canadian women served in the Armed Forces for the first time ever. Firstly, women started to train to become pilots so that they could help out during the war. In 1941, at the beginning of the war, they were to join the Canadian Womens Auxiliary Air force where the would be cooks, telephone operators, fabric workers, hospital assistants, etc. They were not to fly any planes until 1942 where they were given more jobs and called the RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force) womens division. They became photographers, airframe maintenance, engine mechanics, teachers of wireless operators, and some even flew out equipment overseas for the Canadians in Europe fighting the war. Over 17,000 women joined the Royal Canadian Air force, Web) Because there were so many women making a physical contribution in the war they became more appreciated. This shows that women are starting to be more respected in Canada. Secondly, there were so many opened jobs and needed workers when the men went off to war. Many women started working just about any jobs, and there were very few unemployed people. Only about 600,00 Canadian women held permanent jobs when the war started. During the war, their numbers went up to 2,200,000. (Roll Up Your Sleeves For Victory! , Web) This shows how significantly the economy recovered with many workers, and many jobs. While the demand of war supplies goes up, so does the demand of manufacturing them. The War industry rapidly expands opening more and more jobs, leaving barely any unemployed women. This shows how needed women were during world war II, and how women were now accepted to work any jobs. Lastly, Canadian women served in the Armed Forced for the first time. More than 50,00 women served in the Armed Forces during the second world war. (Comrades in Arms, Web) Many Canadian women wanted to play a role in the war so they joined the Army, Air force, and the Naval service. thousands of women were also nurses at the front line. This shows that women have received the same opportunities as men in the war, granting them equality which they have always craved. In conclusion, the facts above show that Womens rights had changed affirmatively in 1939-1945.

Inside Mr. Enderby Review Essay Example

Inside Mr. Enderby Review Paper Essay on Inside Mr. Enderby Inside Mr. Enderby one of the five novels that were written by Anthony Burgess during 1960. Such incredible productivity is explained very simply: the doctors discovered Burgess inoperable brain tumor and said that 1960 will be the last year of his life; Here he began to scribble novel after novel, hoping to somehow secure the future of his wife. The main character, tongue-tied, untidy, prematurely decrepit poet Enderby leading musty, semi-vegetatation existence in the resort town on the coast of the English Channel, then business gets into trouble: suffering flatulence, it is at the most inopportune moments obscenely loud emits winds (during the opening speech of the ambitious publisher Goodby, who wanted to make him happy literary prize, or while meeting with a sudden Detect ivsheysya venerator, beauty-journalist Vesta Bainbridge); he was constantly threatened by jealous husbands even though this demure deathly afraid of women; dish cooked them according to the recipe of the ladies magazine, which nearly sends him to the hereafter, because instead of a delicious and nutritious Surprise of spaghetti with cheese, he bungled something unimaginable from the burning test and untreated cloves of garlic; Finally, roguish fellow writers presented in all anthologies grafomanskim one single poem, steals his idea of ​​ a symbolic poem about the Minotaur and Christ, concocting a scenario costume thriller. We will write a custom essay sample on Inside Mr. Enderby Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Inside Mr. Enderby Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Inside Mr. Enderby Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sam Enderby is frankly farcical figure. His study combined bathroom with a bathtub filled to the brim littered with manuscripts. Creates this unfortunate poet sitting on the toilet, so that writing poetry is often accompanied by defecation, crackling explosions in the gut and body exhausts, which more often than would be desirable, Burgess played using intricate onomatopoeia: Pfffrummpfff Brrrrrp .. . Perrpf it should be noted that Enderbys poems is something unimaginable. After all, the man closed in his squalid apartment, and inspiration necessary to draw from everything that comes their way: in ancient and Christian mythology, in the objects rented flats, in the water for washing, a roll of toilet paper but not in the life that proceeds beyond his bachelor lair. And although many of his poems is only laughter and more like the digestive process with all its phases, from behind them, and then I want to read this unfortunate saga about poor poet. After all, Therefore, even small, give the right words, and a little pride is able to surpass the great envy » You can laugh a lot, or, conversely, sniff, looking at Enderby and the situations in which he finds himself. But it is impossible not to notice how ridiculous and color Burgess novel, so he and tragic. This is the fate of the poet in our century is not poetic. Burgess locked poet in the bathroom, and his manuscripts of poems only needed to rats who built one myself a hole and live there without fear or Enderby, nor his flatulence. But some of Enderbys poems , one small excerpts:  «When the last great judge will be Points to consider, Do not announce youve won or not, but look, He knew how I play  »  « For the moment of parting a point in time, Which is devoid of length And it is not able to cast shadows Last  »

Shepard Fairey, the Controversial Street Artist

Shepard Fairey, the Controversial Street Artist Often described as a Street artist, Shepard Faireys name first began to appear in the news for wheat pasting (a method of adorning public spaces with the artists own posters by way of a water and wheat mixture- like a wallpaper paste), sticker tagging, and the numerous accompanying arrests that now comprise his official criminal record. Hes best known for his painting of Obama in 2008  titled Hope  and his poster from 1992 titled Obey, which inspired a clothing line of the same name. I think the Obey icon image finds a balance between goofy and creepy, humorous and monolithic. I consider the image the counter-culture Big Brother. Id like to think of it as a sign or symbol that people are watching Big Brother as well. Ive had people ranging from anarchists to the president of the National Reserve Bank embrace my work and I think the more diverse the audience is, the more potential for interesting dialogue there is.- Stepard  Fairey Early Life and Training Shepard Fairey was Frank Shepard Fairey born on February 15, 1970, in Charleston, South Carolina. The son of a physician, Shepard Fairey fell in love with making art at age 14. After graduating from the prestigious Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts in Idyllwild, California in 1988, he was accepted at the Rhode Island School of Design. (If youre not familiar with this fine institution, RISD is almost ridiculously hard to get into and enjoys a sterling reputation as a training ground for working artists.) Fairey graduated in 1992 with a B.F.A. in Illustration. From the Street to Art While attending RISD, Fairey had a part-time job in a Providence skateboarding shop. The marginalized, underground culture there (where styles are out as soon as theyre in) synthesized with that rarified art school culture and Faireys ongoing interests in punk music and stenciling his own punk music t-shirts. Everything meshed on the day a friend asked him how to create a stencil. Fairey demonstrated with a newspaper ad for a professional wrestling match featuring Andre the Giant which was the most banal image he could have grabbed. Tantalizing what if possibilities began to cross Faireys mind. It came to pass that Fairey, who had only recently become aware of Graffiti Art, took his Obey stencils and stickers to the streets. Andre the Giant famously gained a posse and Faireys name was launched. Controversy Around Faireys Work Fairey has often been accused of plagiarizing other artists work. In some cases, even casual examination of these claims shows almost verbatim copying with little transformation. While some of the older, political propaganda works are in the public domain, others are not. The real issue seems to be that Fairey copyrights these appropriations, enforces his copyrights and profits from them. There are a lot of different people who’s  [sic]  work I like that arent necessarily aesthetic influences, but conceptual- and there are some that are aesthetic. I’m inspired by John VanHammersfeld who did a lot of psychedelic poster graphics and one of my earliest Obey Giant graphics was my knock of his iconic Hendrix graphic. My work is very much a melting pot of a lot of different influences.- Stepard  Fairey Fairey also disappointed a segment of his fans by not remaining a cult figure and beginning to make money as an artist. Conversely, his messages calling for social and political change are sincere, he donates heavily to causes and he keeps a staff of assistant artists gainfully employed. Many parallels can be drawn between Faireys image sources and those of Andy Warhol, who is now celebrated in the art world. Only time will tell if Fairey attains Warholian status, but he gained a lasting place in history for the HOPE poster during Barack Obamas 2008 Presidential campaign. Sources Fairey, Shepard. E Pluribus Venom.Berkeley : Gingko Press, 2008. Fairey, Shepard. Obey: Supply Demand : The Art of Shepard Fairey.Berkeley : Gingko Press, 2006. MacPhee, Josh. Stencil Pirates.New York : Soft Skull Press, 2004. Shepard Fairey (biography at thegiant.org)Retrieved 27 January 2009

Auditory, Visual and Kinesthetic Learning Styles

Auditory, Visual and Kinesthetic Learning Styles One way to be truly successful in the classroom is to wrap your head around the three different learning styles according to Flemings VAK (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) model. If you know how you learn best, you can use specific methods to retain what you learn in class. Different learning styles require varied methods to keep you motivated and successful in the classroom. Here is a bit more about each of the three learning styles.   Visual Fleming states that visual learners have a preference for seeing the material in order to learn it. Strengths of the visual learner:  Instinctively follows directionsCan easily visualize objectsHas a great sense of balance and alignmentIs an excellent organizerBest ways to learn:  Studying notes on overhead slides, whiteboards, Smartboards, PowerPoint presentations, etc.Reading diagrams and handoutsFollowing a distributed study guideReading from a textbookStudying alone Auditory With this  learning style, students have to hear information to truly absorb it. Strengths of the auditory learner:Understanding subtle changes in tone in a persons voiceWriting responses to lecturesOral examsStory-tellingSolving difficult problemsWorking in groupsBest ways to learn:Participating vocally in classMaking recordings of class notes and listening to themReading assignments out loudStudying with a partner or group Kinesthetic Kinesthetic learners tend to want to move while learning. Strengths of the kinesthetic learner:Great hand-eye coordinationQuick receptionExcellent experimentersGood at sports, art, and dramaHigh levels of energyBest ways to learn:Conducting experiments  Acting out a playStudying while standing or movingDoodling during lecturesStudying while performing an athletic activity like bouncing a ball or shooting hoops Generally, students tend to favor one learning style more than another, but most people are a mix of two or maybe even three different styles. So, teachers, make sure youre creating a classroom that can engage any type of learner. And students, use your strengths so you can be the most successful student you can be.

Socialist Feminism and Bifurcation Personal Statement

Socialist Feminism and Bifurcation - Personal Statement Example Here I would make it absolutely clear that when I said sociology for women that did not mean a sociology exclusively for women rather " it means a sociology that addresses society and social relations from the standpoint of women situated outside rather than within the relation of ruling" (Smith, "The Every day" 46). Let us talk in a little detail about the genesis of my theory. During the experiences of my own life and work, I had noticed that male of the society has defined roles and status of a woman in it. The feelings and experiences of woman do not get priority even in the conceptualization of her own ideology. Women are viewed more as an object rather than human, they are just the 'other' and are forced to see the world from a male point of view. So I say. "There is a disjuncture between how women experience the world and the concepts and theoretical schemes by which society's self-consciousness is inscribed" (Smith, "The Conceptual" 13). The women see and experience the world in which they live by not their own experiences but as in perspectives of the rule framed and theories propounded by men for them. As a result, women are kept in confusion and remain deprived of self-discovery. I observed that "Our images of how we should look, our homes, our lives, are given shape by the work of peo ple in academia, in television, radio, newspapers, and other organizations forming the 'ideological apparatuses' of the society'" (Smith, "The Every day" 17). These relations of the ruling are made up of texts and ideology. The texts are what presented to us, woman, by a government organization, other institutions, popular media who tell us how we should look, manage home and such everyday matters, we shape our lives around the ideology presented in these various texts. The ideologies created by these ideological apparatuses and real experiences do not correlate and thus create chaos in women/s life. The ideology is created by the male in such a way that complete domination and authority remain with them.

Sand mandala by tibetan buddhist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sand mandala by tibetan buddhist - Essay Example tive energy in the environment, the sand gathered from a mandala ceremony can be used in person or animals that are dying or stick a portion of the sand on the crown – top of the head (You Tube b). Ceremonies using different musical instruments to make a monotone sound and chanting are necessary as it enables the participants to experience peace of mind and deep concentration before and after the creation of sand mandala. The monotone sound also enables the monks and other participants to meditate in silence together (You Tube b). On the other hand, the process of pouring the sand into a creek is being done in order to allow the sand to flow with the water. This process symbolizes the spreading blessings, love and compassion to all human beings. Having read and observed how sand mandala is being performed is a very good experienced. Based on my personal observation and experiences about sand mandala, I have learned that the eight different parts of the center of the mandala symbolizes the eight noble paths of Tibetan Buddhism which includes: (1) right understanding; (2) right thought; (3) right speech; (4) right action; (5) right livelihood; (6) right effort; (7) right mindfulness; and (8) right concentration regardless of the art design of the mandala (Rahula, p. 45). These eight highlighted characteristics are actually the key factors that can bring us inner happiness, contentment in life, and freedom from anger. With the use of right speech, right action, and right livelihood, we can easily avoid actions that can cause harm to other people. For example: Being careful with the words we use when we speak to other people combined with choosing a morally acceptable occupation can lessen the chance that we can cause emotional pain to another person (Bodhi, p. 41). Therefore, there is a higher chance that we will receive good karma in our next life. Likewise, having the opportunity to personally experience how sand mandala is being conducted also made me able to

Notes on American Literature Essay Example for Free

Notes on American Literature Essay Important figures:  ·Sir Walter Raleigh ? traveler, Elizabeths I lover, poet, soldier, died in Tower of London. A famous English writer, poet, courtier and explorer. He was responsible for establishing the second English colony in the New World (after Newfoundland was established by Sir Humphrey Gilbert nearly one year previously, August 5 1583) on June 4, 1584, at Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. When the third attempt at settlement failed, the ultimate fate of the colonists was never authoritatively ascertained.  ·John Winthrop ? governor of Massachusetts. led a group of English Puritans to the New World, joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 and was elected their first governor on April 8, 1630. Between 1639 and 1648 he was voted out of governorship and re-elected a total of 12 times. Although Winthrop was a respected political figure, he was criticized for his obstinacy (stubborn) regarding the formation of a general assembly in 1634. Calvins influence:  ·theory of predestination, limited redemption  ·self trials to find destiny  ·the only hope was faith in God.  ·Gods goodwill ? irresistible grace  ·faith makes everyone good but good deeds without faith dont work  ·one should follow their destiny, ex. become a farmer, following destiny will make you successful, (wealthy) but you shouldnt dont spend money, invest it!  ·the holy act of making money for God Puritans were waiting for signs, they read ? books to read (the Bible), interpreted it, interpreted history in their own, Puritan way. Anything could be a sign (weather conditions, Indian attacks, diseases, famine, etc. ). Puritan faith:  ·grim, no paintings, no music  ·sermons were extremely important as they interpreted the Bible Michael Wigglesworth: (1631-1705)  ·wrote The Day of Doom (1662) his poem represents puritan thought of the time. Many of the puritans memorized it and used it to get people back into the church. They used it to teach children and lingering adults. This was the first best seller, even though this term wasnt used yet. It describes the Day of Judgment and the sentencing to punishment in hell of sinners and of infants who died before baptism. Samuel Danforth: (1626-1674)  ·In 1670, he was invited to give the annual election sermon to the General Assembly, which was afterwards printed as A Brief Recognition of New-Englands Errand into the Wilderness (about turning nature into civilization) and is regarded as one of the finest examples of the jeremiad form  ·jeremiad sermons explained things form the Bible, created context, it said that future is glorious because we can be better, improve ourselves History interpretations: Cotton Mather: (1663-1728).  ·Magnalia Christi Americana (about religious development of Massachusetts, and other nearby colonies in New England from 1620 to 1698); the English title was The Ecclesiastical History of New England (1702)  ·he also wrote descriptions of the Salem Witch Trials, in which he criticizes some of the methods of the court and attempts to distance himself from the event; account of the escape Hannah Dustan, one of the most famous to captivity narrative scholars; his complete catalogus of all the students that graduated from Harvard College, and story of the founding of Harvard College itself; and his assertions that Puritan slaveholders should do more to convert their slaves to Christianity  ·made a heritage, typological approach 08. 10. 2007 Religious texts: sermons ? instruments of communication between the minister and the people theological thesis chronicles (historical) Mary Rowlandson (1635-7 ? 1678)  ·She was a colonial American woman, who wrote a vivid description of the seven weeks and five days she spent living with Native Americans. Her short book,  ·A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682), is considered a seminal work in the American literary genre of captivity narratives. The first phase of heroic period ? first 30 years, after that a serious problem occurred? experience of conversion, but not everyone did it so what to do with their children? 1662 ? Halfway Covenant (by Senate in Boston) ? salvation is heredity even if they didnt experienced it. 17th century was more flexible what led to great religious revival in the US, literary phenomenon, outburst of religious emotions ?  thus texts. George Whitefield ? a rhetorician, preacher, appealed to American people, triggered religious revival. The Great Awakening: (1735 ? 1750)  ·paradoxical movement, they considered themselves as only true Puritans but they were considered almost heretical movement, their enthusiasm had negative connotations, people thought they should be more rational  ·leaders: Jonathan Edwards who wrote a fire-and-brimstone sermon entitled Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741), he believed in Protestant dogma, he wanted people to experience real conversion, was against formal  sermons, he had a hypnotic way of teaching, appealing to emotions, he was forced to move and live in wilderness, died of smallpox. He was an active philosopher, tried to combine old religion with Lockes new approach to religion.  ·the movement (the Great Awakening) was the last significant moment to regain control by Puritans Edwards vs. Franklin ? they lived in the same time, enlightenment competing with the old heritage Franklin was born in Boston and he wanted to move to Philadelphia ? city of enlightenment, Quakers, city owned by William Penn. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)  ·Autobiography (written in 1771 1790) -Learning model behavior, proposed model human being, he would respond to the beauty of the world, and nature as a living presence of God, story of narrators progress from Boston to Philadelphia, devoted himself to common good, he made success count most (financial in your own eyes and prestige in others eyes) -12 commandments, its good to imitate Jesus and Socrates (although Socrates was a pagan and a suicider)  ·Poor Richards Almanac -was a yearly almanack published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of Poor Richard or Richard Saunders for this purpose. The publication appeared continuously from 1732 to 1758. It was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies; print runs reached 10,000 per year. Franklin, the American inventor, statesman, and publisher, achieved success with Poor Richards Almanack. Almanacks were very popular books in colonial America, with people in the colonies using them for the mixture of seasonal weather forecasts, practical household hints, puzzles, and other amusements they offered. Poor Richards Almanack was popular for all of these reasons, and also for its extensive use of wordplay, with many examples derived from the work surviving in the contemporary American vernacular. Addressed to farmers (almanacs), useful information about farming, weather, astronomy, moral advice, many proverbs, (for example God helps those who help themselves what is opposite to Puritan philosophy), Do good papers, colonies literature. Franklin developed practical procedure of self improvement day by day and step by step to be thoroughly rational human being. political literature ? debate between Federalists and anti-Federalists Americans identified with Ancient Rome, thats why the Declaration was born. The creators were educated, they read Greek, Roman works, developed sense of public virtue, conflict with the British Crown. Locke, Milton ? inspired colonies to develop ideology to sewer the ties with the Crown + no taxation without representation Thomas Paine (1737-1809)  ·in 1774 ? came to America as an old man, in 1776 he published Common sense, an anti-British book about Britain illegal financial abuse, appealed to Americans self-confidence, enough to be independent, to shape their destiny by determination, stamina, brains etc. The document denounced British rule and, through its immense popularity, contributed to stimulating the American Revolution. Hartford Wits (also called the Connecticut Wits) A group of American writers centered around Yale University and flourished in the 1780s and 1790s. Mostly graduates of Yale, they were conservative federalists who attacked their political opponents with satirical verse. Members included Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight IV, David Humphreys, John Trumbull, Lemuel Hopkins, Richard Alsop, and Theodore Dwight. Works produced by the group include: The Anarchiad (published in the New Haven Gazette from 1786? 1787) The Political Greenhouse (Connecticut Courant, 1799) The Echo (American Mercury, 1791? 1805) John Trumbull (1756-1843)  ·believed in poetics, aesthetics, heroic couplet, satire. Member of a group of artists who painted important American historical events, Trumbull had an insiders view of the War, serving as a colonel in the Continental Army and aide to Gen. Washington in the American Revolution  ·The Progress of Dullness (1772-1773) n attack in three poems on educational methods of his time (three parts: 1. adventures of Tom Brainless, sent to college, he learns the art of preaching,; 2. Dick Hairbrain, a town fop, the son of a wealthy farmer, ridiculous in dress, empty of knowledge, but profound in swearing and cheap infidelity; 3. Miss Harriet Simper, slender female education, formerly in vogue, and the life of the coquette) Timothy Dwight (1752-1817)  ·continued Wigglesworth tradition  ·The Conquest of Canaan (pub. 1785) ? ambitious epic in eleven books, about George Washington war of independence  ·Greenfield Hill (1794) descriptive poem about small New England town, turned by Dwight into ideal place to live, with common wellbeing, where people take care of education, etc. Its also a historical poem, about Peacock (Indian tribe) war and massacre of Indians  ·Travels in New England and New York (1820-1822) huge publication, sort of a tourist guide, covers areas of Southern New England. He loved the place and wanted to commemorate it. Joel Barlow (1754-1812)  ·graduate of Yale, he died in Zarnowiec in Poland of pneumonia while he was on his journey to the Emperor in France  ·Poem, Spoken at the Public Commencement at Yale College (1781) ? becoming American diplomat Barlow witnessed French return to France after the war;  ·The Vision of Columbus (1787)? poem about future glory of America, Columbus visited by an Angel in prison (like in Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius where the author is visited by incarnation of philosophy; parallel of Columbus)  ·1807 ? Barlow changed his religious, political option, became enthusiast of the French Revolution;  ·1st American poem ? Barlows first attempt Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)  ·black slave woman from Senegambia, purchased by Boston Whitley (sort of philanthropist). She managed to learn English, extremely gifted girl, learnt to read (Milton, Homer), write. She was allowed to study, learn Latin. She started to write good poetry, praised by George Washington, but Jefferson didnt like her poetry ? point of controversy. She expressed sort of gratitude, makes references to Greek poetry, ancient Rome, neo-classical poetry, giving a testimony that she decided to adopt, make her way to elite, in England she was a well known poet. She died young. 15. 10. 2007 Michel Guillaume (also known as Hector Saint John de Crevecoeur) (1735? 1813)  ·French-American writer, fought on the French side in the French and Indian War, then moved to New York State, becoming a naturalized citizen. After travels through various colonies, he settled on a farm in Orange Co, New York.  ·wrote a number of essays and books which portrayed life in the New World  ·Letters from an American Farmer (1784) where he describes conditions on the frontier, says that in America men are free, its a beautiful, natural country of liberty. Sketches of the 18th century America ? slaves, animals, community, style of slavery practice in the South, American farmers are not happy because of the lies of Independence. Early American novels had to compete with a large amount of English novels. They were also fiction and lies. SENTIMENTAL NOVELS William Hill Brown (1765-1793)  ·The Power of Sympathy (1789) ? first American novel written by first American novelist. Controversial for its time, displays the themes of seduction, betrayal, and incest. Its a moral novel written in letters. Its against immoral behavior, sort of educational guide against seduction. Plot: written in correspondence: several letters between friends and lovers. two young people fall in love, but in fact theyre brother and sister. They woman kills herself because she had fallen in love with her own brother and then the man devastated commits suicide. Susanna Haswell Rowson (1762-1824)  ·Charlotte Temple (1791) first American bestseller ? seduced young lady gives a birth to a child, Lucy, then dies. Successful novel but Susanna didnt make money for it as the novel was published illegally. It is characterized by emphatic moralism and melodramatic language, the idea that women should take care of each other. Written to protect young women from the pain of social rejection, includes theme of seduction and betrayal. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)  ·Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady (1748) epistolary novel, tells the tragic story of a heroine whose quest for virtue is continually thwarted by her family. It is commonly cited as the longest novel in the English language. Clarissa is a beautiful and virtuous young lady whose family has become very wealthy only in recent years and is now eager to become part of the aristocracy. Her relatives attempt to force her to marry a rich but heartless man against her will and, more importantly, against her own sense of virtue. Desperate to remain free, she is tricked by a young gentleman of her acquaintance, Lovelace, into escaping with him. However, she refuses to marry him, longing ? unusual for a girl in her time ? to live by herself in peace. Lovelace, in the meantime, has been trying to arrange a fake marriage all along, and considers it a sport to add Clarissa to his long list of conquests. However, as he is more and more impressed by Clarissa, he finds it difficult to keep convincing himself that truly virtuous women do not exist. The continuous pressure he finds himself under, combined with his growing passion for Clarissa, drives him to extremes and eventually he rapes her. Clarissa manages to escape from him, but becomes dangerously ill. When she dies, however, it is in the full consciousness of her own virtue, and  trusting in a better life after death. Lovelace, tormented by what he has done but still unable to change, dies in a duel with Clarissas cousin. Clarissas relatives finally realise the misery they have caused, but discover that they are too late and Clarissa has already died.  ·Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) is an epistolary novel. It tells the story of a maid named Pamela whose master, Mr. B. , makes unwanted advances towards her. She rejects him continually, and her virtue is eventually rewarded when he shows his sincerity by proposing an equitable marriage to her. In the second part of the novel, Pamela attempts to accommodate herself to upper-class society and to build a successful relationship with him. The story was widely mocked at the time for its perceived licentiousness and it inspired Henry Fielding (among many others) to write two parodies: Shamela (1741), about Pamelas true identity; and Joseph Andrews (1742), about Pamelas brother. Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840)  ·The Coquett,; or, The History of Eliza Wharton (1797) is an epistolary novel. Published anonymously until 1866, 26 years after Websters death. It was one of the best-selling novels of its time. The novel is a fictionalized account of the story of Elizabeth Wharton, the daughter of a clergyman who died after giving birth to a stillborn, illegitimate child at a roadside tavern. Writers and preachers of the day blamed her demise on the fact that she read romance novels, which gave her improper ideas and turned her into a coquette. Foster responded with The Coquette, which provided a more sympathetic portrayal of Wharton and described the difficulties faced by middle-class women. Tabitha Tenney (1762-1837)  ·Female Quixotism (1801) ? the heroine goes mad, she has a strange idea of love (all men are the heroes of romances). She had some candidates but she doesnt like them. The book is rather a parody. The woman cant get married, she makes wrong choices, rejects good man and accepts the dishonest ones. HORROR STORIES ? THE GOTHIC NOVEL Ann Radcliffe (1764 1823)  ·pioneer of the gothic novel. English writer.  ·The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) follows the fortunes of Emily St. Aubert who suffers, among other misadventures, the death of her father, supernatural terrors in a gloomy castle, and the machinations of an Italian brigand. Often cited as the archetypal Gothic novel, Charles B. Brown (1771 1810).  ·he wanted to be professional writer but people didnt want to read him. He quitted and became a political writer. He was the first American gothic writer.  ·Wieland, or, the Transformation (1798) ? Theodore Wieland is master of a landed estate, which he has inherited from his father, an immigrant from Germany. Wieland Senior was a man of strange inclinations who, having built a temple on a hillock in the grounds, devoted to his own idiosyncratic religion, later dies mysteriously of spontaneous combustion (samospalenie). Wieland inherits his fathers god-fearing disposition. However the rural idyll he shares with his wife, children, sister and best friend is shattered when he becomes prey to the trickery of Carwin: a mysterious ventriloquist (brzuchomowca) who has moved to the area after leading an undercover life of deception in Europe. Under the influence of religious mania and Carwins trickery Wieland kills his wife and children as a demonstration of his obedience to a divine voice. In court he expresses no remorse for his deeds and later escapes from prison to attempt the life of his sister, before being stopped in his tracks by the command of a final divine voice, which in reality emanates from Carwin. Wieland then commits suicide. The story is told as a first person narrative by Wielands sister Clara. As the story proceeds her initial calm and rational disposition is sorely tried by the uncanny and bloody events of the story, which reduces her, by the end, to a state of near mania. Her relations with the deceiver Carwin are ambiguous, veering between attraction and repulsion as the story unfolds. Apparently the novel was based on the true story of a multiple murder which took place at Tomhannock, New York in 1781.  ·Ormond; or, the Secret Witness (1799) ?  about lady who kills her seducer with a penknife. The novel engages with many of the periods popular debates about womens education, marriage, and the morality of violence, while the plot revolves around the Gothic themes of seduction, murder, incest, impersonation, romance and disease. Set in post-revolutionary Philadelphia, Ormond examines the prospects of the struggling nation by tracing the experiences of Constantia, a young virtuous republican who struggles to survive when her fathers business is ruined by a confidence man, and her friends and neighbors are killed by a yellow fever epidemic.  ·Arthur Mervyn (1799) Arthur Mervyn suffers form yellow fever, discovered by Dr. Stevens who invites him home. Mr. Wortley comes over to Dr. Stevens, recognizes Arthur Mervyn, and reacts with extreme displeasure. Dr. Stevens demands an explanation. Mervyn begins to tell his story. This is the frame, nearly three quarters of the book bring Mervyns adventures up to this moment in time.  ·Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799) The story of a young man who sleepwalks each night and is a threat to himself and others, unable to control his baser passions. Set outside Philadelphia in 1787, the book is a metaphor for the founding of a new nation, but can be read on a literal level as an American Gothic novel. Placed in the middle of wilderness. Young man wakes up in a dark hotel room, he doesnt know how he got there, he has a tomahawk. Kills a panther and eats it raw. Eventually returns home. Isaac Mitchell (1835-1893)  ·Alonzo and Melissa (1804) ? gothic castle on Long Island. Explanation that the castle was built by Puritans. ADVENTURE NOVELS Royall Tyler (1757-1826)  ·The Algerine Captive (1797) about a Harvard-educated American schoolteacher turned doctor, who was captured by Barbary (the Algerians) pirates in 1788 and sold into slavery in the City of Algiers. Description of conditions in which black slaves were kept on ships. At the end the character returns to USA.  ·The Contrast (1790) is an American play in the tradition of the English Restoration comedies of the seventeenth century; it takes its cue from Sheridans The School for Scandal, a British comedy of manners that had revived that tradition a decade before. Royall uses the form to satirize Americans who follow British fashions and indulge in British vices. Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816)  ·Modern Chivalry: Containing the Adventures of Captain John Farrago and Teague ORegan, His servant (1792) is a rambling, satirical American novel. The book is arguably the first important work of fiction about the American frontier and called to the West what Don Quixote was to Europe. a more thoroughly American book than any written before 1833. The model of modern chivalry was Don Quixote they travel all over US. Cultural change was in Boston or around Boston in 18th century. New cultural force ? Unitarianism. Dutch Bishop, rejected the dogma of the predestination, unificated the Great Trinity to one God Father. Unitarians believed that people can improve themselves without grace of God. New, much more optimistic model of human being began. Sermons ? people should show likeness to God by practicing virtues, trying to be good. Henry Ware educated at Harvard College, Professor at Harvard, precipitating a controversy between Unitarians and more conservative Calvinists. He took part in the formation of the Harvard Divinity School and the establishment of Unitarianism there in the following decades, publishing his debates with eminent Calvinists in the 1820s. William Emerson In 1804, Emerson founded the Anthology Club, a Boston literary society, and wrote articles for the clubs The Monthly Anthology. This publication was the forerunner of the North American Review, Americas leading literary journal, and the Clubs reading room led to the founding in 1807 of the Boston Athenaeum. Joseph Stevens Buckminster Upon his graduation, he became minister of the Brattle Street Church in Boston, and quickly launched an almost legendary career of eloquent preaching, biblical scholarship, and literary production which set the tone for the pattern of the minister as a man of letters. In 1801 he traveled to Europe and returned with books. He was the most brilliant member of the Anthology Club, an early editor of the Monthly Anthology, and in 1811 was appointed Dexter Lecturer at Harvard where he occupied the first Chair in Scripture. Buckminsters influence on his contemporaries was striking. His mastery of the emerging New Criticism from German Biblical scholars led to his rational investigation of the Bible, subjecting its text to the same scrupulous scholarly investigation given other texts from antiquity. Founded in Boston in 1815, The North American Review (NAR) was the first literary magazine in the United States, and was published continually until 1940, when publication was suspended due to World War II. The Reviews first editor, William Tudor (1779-1830), and other founders had been members of Bostons Anthology Club, and launched The North American Review to foster a genuine American culture. In its first few years it was published poetry, fiction, and miscellaneous essays on a bi-monthly schedule, but in 1818 it became a quarterly with more focused contents intent on improving society and on elevating culture. The Review promoted the improvement of public education and administration, with reforms in secondary schools, sound professional training of doctors and lawyers, rehabilitation of prisoners at the state penitentiary, and government by educated experts. Its editors and contributors included such literary and political New Englanders as John Adams, George Bancroft, Nathaniel Bowditch, William Cullen Bryant, Lewis Cass, Edward T. Channing, Caleb Cushing, Richard Henry Dana, Alexander Hill Everett, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, George Ticknor, Gulian C. Verplanck, Daniel Webster. 22. 10. 2007 Norton Anthology ? early times, complaining about American literature, being poor, inferior to British, what should be done to improve Madame de Stael (1766-1817)  ·quickly translated into English, pub. in New York; as a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris and abroad. She influenced literary tastes in Europe at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries Walter Cherning ? in North American review, tried to apply Madames ideas to American context The Analectic ? literary magazine There was no a really popular, one author in American unknown for Europe (in literature) until Irving. Washington Irving (1783 1859)  ·One of the first noted American authors to be highly acclaimed in Europe during his life time, Irving was a prolific author of fiction and non-fiction. He wrote numerous short stories, biographies, histories, and tales of his travels. His characters Ichabod Crane and Rip van Winkle are now icons of popular American culture, and many of Irvings works have inspired adaptations to the stage and film.  ·Washington, while born sickly, was a mischievous and adventuresome young man, sneaking out at night to attend plays and frustrating his pious parents, especially his father. He roamed the city and environs, dreaming of far-off placesdreams that were partly fueled by one of his favourite books, Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. Travelling would become a life-long passion. Although he was not an avid student, he studied law and became a clerk.  ·Suffering from ill-health off and on for many years, in 1804 Irving set sail from New York Harbour, the first of many trips abroad: he was going to a spa in Bordeaux, France to treat a lung ailment. He learned French, made many friends, travelled through Europe. In 1806 he returned to America.  ·with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding created a semi-monthly periodical World of New York to compete with the more sombre news publications of the day. While it was short-lived The Salmagundi Paper; or, the Whim-Whams and Opinions of Laucelot Langstaff, Esq. And Others. (1809) was met with great success. The Jonathan Swift-like satire and tongue-in-cheek pokes at politics, culture, and society was to instruct the young, reform the old, correct the town, and castigate the age.  ·The Salmagundi Papers (1809) satirical work by Washington Irving (under the pen name Diedrich Kinckerbocker), with the title being derived from the dish. The work is nowadays remembered especially for first popularizing the sobriquet Gotham for New York City.  ·In a similar vein Irving composed his first novel, Knickerbockers History of New York (1809). A burlesque and comprehensive weaving of fact and fiction, his History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty is narrated by Diedrich Knickerbocker and won Irving much acclaim at home and abroad.  ·Irvings short stories, first printed in America under his pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon between the years 1819-20 were collected in The Crayon Papers and The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. They contain two of Irvings most famous tales: Rip van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. These stories were wildly popular in America and soon too in Europe.  ·His next novel was Bracebridge Hall, or, The Humorists, A Medley (1822). Published under the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon, centers on an English manor, its inhabitants, and the tales they tell. Interspersed with witty, evocative sketches of country life among the English nobility is the well-known tale The Stout Gentleman and stories based on English, French, and Spanish folklore, vividly recounted with Irvings inimitable blend of elegance and colloquial dash. They include Dolph Heyliger the story of a New Yorker who encounters a haunted house, ghosts, and a buried treasure.  ·It was followed by Tales of a Traveller (1824), which Irving considered one of his finer works. A last experiment with fiction before he turned to the writing of history, biography, and adaptation of folktales. Arranged in four sections, the miscellany of short fiction reveals elements of comedy and melodrama new to Irvings work. The first three groups of stories have a European background, while the final five stories, supposedly found among the papers of the late Diedrich Knickerbocker, are set in New York and feature pirates and buried treasure.  ·In 1826 Irving moved to Madrid, Spain, where he set to writing his highly lauded The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828), Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829), and Tales of the Alhambra (1832) rich compendium of tales, deftly interwoven with historical accounts and picturesque sketches, was assembled from Spanish and Moorish folklore, history, guidebooks, and anecdotes of Irvings experiences among the local residents. The forty-nine pieces range from stories based on Granadas colorful history to graceful vignettes of its contemporary scene, from romantic descriptions of the local architecture and terrain to medieval tales of the supernatural.  ·Astoria: Anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains (1836). . I have felt anxious to get at the details of their adventurous expeditions among the savage tribes that peopled the depths of the wilderness. It explores Irvings impressions from travels in Canada and America as guest of John Jacob Astors Northwest Fur Company. Irving expresses his sympathy to the displaced, and dispossessed savage Native American Peoples in such stories as Philip of Pokanoket, Traits of Indian Character, and Origin of the White, the Red, and the Black Men. first American Literary Account of the Wild West, surprised that his view is different from Ch. Brownings (who portrayed the Westerners as wild animals). Irving portrays them as human, describes buffalo hunting (exaggerated a bit as he describes himself hunting). Counts as the earliest literary description of the West.  ·The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837) Drawing on Bonnevilles own journals, Washington Irving chronicles the exploits and adventures of Captain James Bonneville, one of the earliest explorers of the American West, detailing his various journeys with mountain man Joseph Rutherford Walker; their discovery of Yosemite, Walker Pass, and the Bonneville Salt Flats; and life among the Native Americans and trappers of the West.  ·Irvings last finished work, something he had been working on for many years but kept putting aside for other more pressing projects is his Life of George Washington (1859).  ·The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lanky schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham Brom Bones Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, only daughter of a wealthy farmer. As Crane leaves a party at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who lost his head to a cannonball during some nameless battle of the American Revolutionary War and who rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head. Crane disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related.  ·Rip Van Winkle (1819) The story of Rip Van Winkle is set in the years immediately before (the early to mid-1770s) and after the American Revolutionary War (the early to mid-1790s). Rip Van Winkle, a villager of Dutch descent, lives in a nice village at the foot of New Yorks Catskill Mountains. An amiable man whose home and farm suffer from his lazy neglect, he is loved by all but his wife. One autumn day he escapes his naggi.

How The Adams-Onís Treaty Affected The Growth Of Our Nation :: American America History

How The Adams-Onà ­s Treaty Affected The Growth Of Our Nation Americans were interested in further expansion and looked to the weak Spanish provinces of East and West Florida. The Spanish were reluctant to give up what is now Florida, but in the end they worked out an agreement called the Adams Onis Treaty. In this essay I will describe how the Americans eventually got these provinces, the set backs of the signing of the treaty, and how it effected the economic growth of our nation. Americans living in West Florida between the Iberville and Perdido Rivers declared their independence, and President Madison ordered the Governor of New Orleans Territory to take control of the independent land. The Americans now had control over half the territory they wanted but this did not satisfy them, this only made them more eager to gain control of East Florida. Almost two years after this event peace concluded, but Spain still had possession of East Florida. This time Spain only had two solutions to avoid a shameful political break down over this region. One was to gain support of a European ally, and the second was to get some form of honor in this event by winning some of the United States best land else where in North America. The first plan fell through, Britain and other European nations refused to help Spain. They eventually fell to having discussions with the United States. The American government was entirely willing to have discussion of the East Florida issue become the end result of all Spanish-American boundary questions. John Quincy Adams was the Secretary of State and was the person taking care of all discussions between the U.S. and Spain. He saw that this was a perfect time to try to extend the boundary to the Pacific Ocean. Luis de Onà ­s was the minister of Spain at the time and he was the Spanish representative to the U.S. His instructions from the Spanish government was to transfer the Florida's to the United States in return for the American settlement west of the Mississippi. Onis was also to get a promise that the United States would not give material aid to, or recognize the independence of Spain's colonies in South America because of their lack of cooperation. Difficulties came up over negotiating a satisfactory boundary in the West and also over the command to put American military in East Florida in 1818.

Nada

17 ’Childhood is certainly not the happiest time of your life’ It’s about time somebody exploded that hoary old myth about childhood being the happiest period of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy, but it’s greatest moments can’t compare with the sheer joy of being an adult. Who ever asked a six-year-old for an opinion? Children don’t have opinions, or if they do, nobody notices. Adults choose the clothes their children will wear, the books they will read and the friends they will play with. Mother and father are kindly but absolute dictators.This is an adult world and though children may be deeply loved, they have to be manipulated so as not to interfere too seriously with the lives of their elders and betters. The essential difference between manhood and childhood is the same as the difference between independence and subjection. For all the nostalgic remarks you hear, which adult would honestly change places with a child? T hink of the years at school: the years spent living in constant fear of examinations and school reports. Every movement you make, every thought you think is observed by some critical adult who may draw unflattering conclusions about your character.Think of the curfews, the marital law, the times you had to go to bed early, do as you were told, eat disgusting stuff that was supposed to be good for you. Remember how ‘gentle’ pressure was applied with remarks like ‘if you don’t do as I say, I’ll †¦ ’ and a dire warning would follow. Even so, these are only part of a child’s troubles. No matter how kind and loving adults may be, children often suffer from terrible, illogical fears which are the result of ignorance and an inability to understand the world around them. Nothing can equal the abject fear a child may feel in the dark, the absolute horror of childish nightmares.Adults can share their fears with other adults; children invaria bly face their fears alone. But the most painful part of childhood is the period when you begin to emerge from it: adolescence. Teenagers may rebel violently against parental authority, but this causes them great unhappiness. There is a complete lack of self-confidence during this time. Adolescents are over-conscious of their appearance and the impression they make on others. They feel shy, awkward and clumsy. Feelings are intense and hearts easily broken. Teenagers experience moments of tremendous elation or black despair.And through this turmoil, adults seem to be more hostile than ever. What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regain your balance; the world opens up before you. You are free to choose; you have your own place to live in and your own money to spend. You do not have to seek constant approval for everything you do. You are no longer teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adults because you failed to come up to some theoretical standard. And if on occasion you are teased, you know how to deal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell: you are one yourself. Nada 17 ’Childhood is certainly not the happiest time of your life’ It’s about time somebody exploded that hoary old myth about childhood being the happiest period of your life. Childhood may certainly be fairly happy, but it’s greatest moments can’t compare with the sheer joy of being an adult. Who ever asked a six-year-old for an opinion? Children don’t have opinions, or if they do, nobody notices. Adults choose the clothes their children will wear, the books they will read and the friends they will play with. Mother and father are kindly but absolute dictators.This is an adult world and though children may be deeply loved, they have to be manipulated so as not to interfere too seriously with the lives of their elders and betters. The essential difference between manhood and childhood is the same as the difference between independence and subjection. For all the nostalgic remarks you hear, which adult would honestly change places with a child? T hink of the years at school: the years spent living in constant fear of examinations and school reports. Every movement you make, every thought you think is observed by some critical adult who may draw unflattering conclusions about your character.Think of the curfews, the marital law, the times you had to go to bed early, do as you were told, eat disgusting stuff that was supposed to be good for you. Remember how ‘gentle’ pressure was applied with remarks like ‘if you don’t do as I say, I’ll †¦ ’ and a dire warning would follow. Even so, these are only part of a child’s troubles. No matter how kind and loving adults may be, children often suffer from terrible, illogical fears which are the result of ignorance and an inability to understand the world around them. Nothing can equal the abject fear a child may feel in the dark, the absolute horror of childish nightmares.Adults can share their fears with other adults; children invaria bly face their fears alone. But the most painful part of childhood is the period when you begin to emerge from it: adolescence. Teenagers may rebel violently against parental authority, but this causes them great unhappiness. There is a complete lack of self-confidence during this time. Adolescents are over-conscious of their appearance and the impression they make on others. They feel shy, awkward and clumsy. Feelings are intense and hearts easily broken. Teenagers experience moments of tremendous elation or black despair.And through this turmoil, adults seem to be more hostile than ever. What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regain your balance; the world opens up before you. You are free to choose; you have your own place to live in and your own money to spend. You do not have to seek constant approval for everything you do. You are no longer teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adults because you failed to come up to some theoretical standard. And if on occasion you are teased, you know how to deal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell: you are one yourself.

Food Habits Assignment

Marking Sheet for HSN 101 Food Habits Assignment Criteria| Poor (N)| Fair (P)| Good (C)| Very Good (D)| Excellent (HD)| Mark assigned | | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | 1. Introduction (total 5 marks)Assignment explanation clear and accurateRelevant background information discussedDescription of aim accurate and appropriate| Additional comments| | 2. Questions to answers about the Food and Diet Questionnaire (Q1-6, total 52 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsDemonstrates understanding of causes of eating behaviours and their application | 0-25| 26-31| 32-36| 37-41| 42-52| | | Additional comments| | . Questions to answers about the Food Frequency Questionnaire (Q7-11, total 28 marks)Questions answered appropriately according to instructionsJustifies answer appropriately, demonstrating understanding of relevant concepts| 0-13| 14-16| 17-19| 20-22| 23-28| | | Additional comments| | 4. Summary (total 5 marks)Succinct and accurate. | 0-1| 2| 3| 4| 5| | | Additional commen ts| | 5.Referencing, Clarity & Presentation (total 10 marks)Clearly written, with correct English spelling/ grammar & subsections following format of questionUse of 5 or more appropriate referencesVancouver style appropriately used in text and reference list Questionnaires filled out accurately and assignment submitted according to instructions Inclusion & adherence to word count. (i. e. 1500 Â ± 10%, only first 1650 words will be marked) | 0-4| 5| 6| 7| 8-10| | | Additional comments| | | Total of above| |No of days overdue| 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Final Mark| Penalty (deducted as % of total value of assignment (100 marks), per faculty policy)| Nil | -10%| -15%| -20%| -25%| -30%| | HSN101 Food: Nutrition, Culture, and Innovation Food Habits Assignment Name: Monelle Mondello Student ID: 213157555 Word Count: Introduction This assignment explores the various factors that influence my eating habits. I currently train four days a week, which involves high-intensity strength training specific to body-building and power lifting.I am also currently trying to achieve a body fat percentage of 14%, therefore I must Food and Diet Questionnaire Questions 1 & 2 in the Food and Diet Questionnaire ask about shopping for food and cooking meals. How would your diet change if your answer to these questions changed? Please explain. I do my own food shopping and cooking as I follow a strict diet plan and prefer to be in control of the types of foods I purchase, as well as the cooking methods.If I was no longer responsible for purchasing and cooking my food, I would no longer be able to adhere to the diet plan I choose to follow, as I would not be able to control the individual amounts of food that are used in each meal, and I would most often not agree with the cooking methods chosen, such as the oils chosen for frying. I also place a large importance on the types of produce I purchase, such as organic produce that supports local farmers and is free from pesticides, as well as free ra nge, organic meats for ethical and health reasons.These beliefs always influence my food purchases and I would be forced to compromise them if others were in charge of my food shopping. If the amount of money you spent on food each week doubled, how would this affect the foods you eat? Please explain. I am currently buying the highest quality of food available to me when possible, therefore even if the cost doubled, I would still purchase the same food. However, there are instances where if I am short on money, I will purchase a regular product instead of organic, such as frozen berries, as the cost difference is significant.Therefore I would be sure to always purchase organic, natural, and biodynamic foods. There would be more spent on fresh herbs and products I use to enhance cooking and flavours, such as cocoa powder and certain spices. Overall, the foods eaten would not differ greatly. Question 7 asks you to rate the importance of many food and eating related behaviours. Pick tw o of the behaviours and explain why you answered the way you did. Select behaviours you rate as either ‘very important’ or ‘not important’. You should use references to show whether your belief was correct or not.I do not consider avoiding saturated fat an important aspect Explain reasons why people may choose a vegetarian diet. Question 9 asks you to rate the importance of various factors in deciding your choice of food when shopping. Pick two of the factors that you rated either ‘not important’ or ‘extremely important’. Please explain your answer. I Look at your answers to questions 11-19. Of the answers you have given, please explain which ONE has the most influence on your diet. For example, does your ethnicity determine the type of food you eat, or you living arrangements, or your age etc.?Please explain your answer. Food Frequency Questionnaire How well do you think the food frequency questionnaire captured your usual dietary intake over the past month? Please explain, giving specific food examples that support your explanation. Do you think people who identify with a culture other than your own living in Australia would have similar eating patterns (i. e. chose similar foods) to you? Please explain. How would the types of food you ate change if you had to grow and prepare all the food you eat?Check the foods you eat often in the food frequency questionnaire to use as examples in your answer. How many serves of vegetables do you usually eat each day (question 4 in the FFQ)? How many serves of fruit do you usually eat each day (question 5 in the FFQ)? Comment on your intake compared with the recommendation for your gender and age group. The most recent national survey in Australia found a daily average intake of 3. 4 serves of vegetables and 1. 1 serves of fruit in adults. How do you think this intake could be increased to meet the recommendations? Summary

Spelling Tips When to Drop the “E” - Proofread My Paper

Spelling Tips When to Drop the â€Å"E† - Proofread My Paper Spelling Tips: When to Drop the â€Å"E† Thanks to acid house, the phrase â€Å"dropping an ‘e’† sounds rather unsavory these days. Nevertheless, in some situations, dropping an â€Å"e† is essential to correct spelling (which is how we proofreaders get our kicks). More specifically, you need to be careful when adding a suffix to a word that ends in â€Å"e† because this changes how certain words are spelled. Luckily, there are a couple of helpful guidelines to follow. Suffixes Starting with Vowels The most important rule is that, most of the time, you should drop the â€Å"e† from the end of a word when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (e.g., â€Å"-ing,† â€Å"-ed† or â€Å"-able†). For example, the suffix â€Å"-ed† can be added to the word â€Å"talk† to make the past tense â€Å"talked† without any problem. But when a word already ends in â€Å"e,† like â€Å"dance,† we drop the final â€Å"e† so that the past tense is â€Å"danced† (i.e., â€Å"danc-ed,† not â€Å"dance-ed†). Other examples include: Suffix Example Word Modified Version -able Live Livable -age Dote Dotage -ed Inspire Inspired -est True Truest -ing Note Noting -ion Adulterate Adulteration -ory Celebrate Celebratory -ous Fame Famous This isn’t a complete list of relevant suffixes (â€Å"-er,† â€Å"-ation† and â€Å"-ist† are common too), but it should give you a sense of what to look out for. A Few Exceptions As with any rule, there are exceptions to the convention outlined above, such as words that end with double vowels, â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge.† Double Vowels Words that end in double vowels (e.g., â€Å"-ee† or â€Å"-oe†) don’t always require the final â€Å"e† to be dropped when adding a vowel suffix: Agree → Agreeable Shoe → Shoeing However, some modifications do require you to drop the final â€Å"e†: Argue → Arguable Accrue → Accruing There’s no shortcut to getting things right here, so you should always double check the spelling with these and similar words. â€Å"-ce† and †-ge† Here the rule is not to drop the final â€Å"e† from words that end with either â€Å"-ce† or â€Å"-ge† when adding a suffix that starts with an â€Å"a† (e.g., â€Å"-able†) or an â€Å"o† (e.g., â€Å"-ous†): Advantage → Advantageous Bridge → Bridgeable Efface → Effaceable Suffixes Starting with Consonants Finally, suffixes that begin with consonants, most of which dont require dropping the final â€Å"e† from words that end in that letter; the noun â€Å"time,† for instance, can be modified to â€Å"timely† by simply adding the suffix â€Å"-ly.† The problematic words are those that end in â€Å"-ue† like â€Å"true,† â€Å"due† or â€Å"argue,† which do require you to drop the final â€Å"e† when adding a suffix that starts with a consonant: True → Truly Due → Duly Argue → Argument

Attachment Styles And Romantic Relationship Outcomes Psychology Essay

Attachment Styles And Romantic Relationship Outcomes Psychology Essay Many researchers have shown a link between attachment styles and romantic relationship outcomes. Attachment styles deals with early infant parent caring and environment, internal working models of themselves, their early relationships with peer or friends and attachment security. These major attachment styles leads to the different timing of the first sexual intercourse which later shows links to relationship satisfaction, quality of romantic relationships, union formation and the number of romantic partners. The timing of first sexual activity is classified at either early age (14 or earlier), on time (15-19) or late age (19 or older) (Harden 2012). Many studies have shown that individuals prefer partners with similar attachment style, a complementary attachment style or either the attachment style most likely to form attachment security, is all dealt with the age of an individual. This theory of attachment increases the understanding of Hardens (2012) findings and explains these f indings by him. The characteristics and stability of teenagers romantic relationship in young adulthood is concerned with the timing of teenager ¿Ã‚ ½s first sexual intercourse. One theory that suggests reasons for the quality of this romantic relationship is the attachment theory. John Bowlby was the first Psychologist to introduce the attachment theory, describing attachment as a â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings† (Bowlby, 1969). The attachment theory states that people  ¿Ã‚ ½construct internal, working models of themselves and their early relationships, which function to guide social behaviour throughout their life span ¿Ã‚ ½ (Bowlby, 1973). Hazen and shaver (1987) also concluded that attachment styles may influence the quality of their romantic experiences and their beliefs on relationships. This attachment theory and peer relationships are able to explain Hardens (2012) findings that concluded that  ¿Ã‚ ½timing of first sexual interco urse in adolescence predicts romantic outcomes in adulthood, including union formation, number of romantic partners, and relationship dissatisfaction ¿Ã‚ ½. The essential argument of the attachment theory is if parents are not available and responsive to their children ¿Ã‚ ½s needs are likely to face difficulties in their lives. Belsky et al. (1991); ¿Ã‚ ½Belsky, 1997) ¿Ã‚ ½claimed that an individual ¿Ã‚ ½s early family environment, including the childhood-parent attachment relationship, conveys to children the risks and uncertainties they are likely to face in their lifetimes (Belsky, J. et al. 2010). It has been stated that  ¿Ã‚ ½Such information adaptively regulates psychological, behavioural, and reproductive development, either toward a mutually beneficial orientation to interpersonal relations or toward an opportunistic, advantage-taking point of view ¿Ã‚ ½ (Belsky, J. et al. 2010). This may result and affect mating behaviour, pair bonding, and parental investmen t, and also has been said to result earlier or later sexual intercourse, number of romantic partner, unstable or stable relationships and union formation(Belsky, J. et al. 2010). From this evidence attachment of individuals with their parents explains the results in which romantic relationships are created and built and timing of first sexual intercourse. Friendships are extremely significant during adolescence, so an individual might experience internal working models (attachment theory) of close friendships to become particularly influential during this time (Trinke and Bartholomew, 1997; Weiss, 1991).Researchers have proposed that friendship during adolescence is provided as a supplement rather than a replacement for relationships between parents and should be considered as a unique factor on adolescent functioning (Furman Paterson et al. 1994). Peer relationship or friendship is known to contribute to later romantic relationship outcomes, and best known by the scholar Sullivan( 1953). He viewed  ¿Ã‚ ½chumpships established in middle childhood as foundational for later romantic relationships ¿Ã‚ ½ (Madsen, S., & Collins, W. 2011). A research by Neemann et al. (1995), documented that peer relationships or friendships during the age of middle adolcence influences factors such as romantic relationship involvement, number of romantic partners, and relationship satisfaction and the quality of relationship in young adulthood. Furthermore, rejections experienced by friends in middle adolescence are significant issues in the development of rejection sensitivity, and the results of these experiences of rejection have been strongly correlated with dissatisfaction in romantic relationships (Downey, Bonica, & Rinc ¿Ã‚ ½n, 1999).

Contemporary Trends in the Global Business Environment Coursework

Contemporary Trends in the Global Business Environment - Coursework Example The researcher states that Qantas Company seeks to analyze its environment for a sustainable future in the highly competitive market. Indeed, various trends have characterized the market and it is important for a clear analysis to be made so that the business can evaluate its continued viability. To this end, the company seeks to introduce new flights to Tehran, Iran, which it hopes that the idea will put the company in a better position to beat its competitors like the Fly Emirates that have strongholds in the Middle East. This report assesses the business in terms of the goals it will aim at achieving in the future. Businesses analyze their environments and plan in many ways. Indeed, most of these trends have evolved from the 1950’s to their present form. From a background where planning was considered in the rubric of budget concerns, modern organizations largely embrace scenario-based planning which takes into account the future of the company. Qantas in this perspective u ses a variety of strategies in its environmental analysis. Recent studies into the external environment of the business reveal that it contains three components, including the market, industry and the expansive macro environment. As an important aspect of the external environment, the market defines the clients of the business who make it possible for it to conduct its operations. The market for any business is different from others and specific to the industry. The industry, on the other hand, incorporates all the businesses that are involved in the airline venture. Industries have trends such as the legal requirements for safety, purchases of new planes in the market as well as the increasing need to expand the number of destinations that the company operates. The macro environment, on the other hand, focuses on certain aspects such as political, social or technological issues that affect the business’s operations.